Active subjects freely explored virtual threedimensional geometric shapes using a Phantom forcefeedback device. Each active subject?s movements were used to guide a passive subject over the same stimuli. In Experiment 1 the active subject?s movements were recorded and "played back" to the passive counterpart at a later time — a delayed yoking. Two Phantoms were used in Experiment 2 so that as the active subject explored, the passive subject was guided simultaneously along the same movement pathway. Active exploration yielded significantly shorter latencies than did passive-guided exploration.
Citation:
Mark A. Symmons, Barry L. Richardson, Dianne B. Wuillemin, George H. VanDoorn, "Active versus Passive Touch in Three Dimensions," whc, pp.108-113, First Joint Eurohaptics Conference and Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems (WHC'05), 2005