A Survey of Lightweight-Cryptography Implementations
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The upcoming pervasive computing age will lead to an increased demand for security for applications ranging from RFIDs and smart cards to mobile devices. Lightweight cryptography is a key tool for building strong security solutions for pervasive devices. Due to the tight cost constraints of such extremely high-volume applications, efficient hardware and software implementations of cryptographic algorithms are of the utmost importance to realize the vision of pervasive computing. However, the computational complexity inherent in ciphers poses a major challenge. This article presents a selection of recently published lightweight cryptographic implementations and compares them to state-of-the-art results in the field. This survey covers recent hardware and software implementations of both symmetric and asymmetric ciphers.
[1] 522 G. Leander et al., "New Lightweight DES Variants," Proc. Fast Software Encryption (FSE 07), LNCS 4593, Springer-Verlag, 2007, pp. 196-210.
[2] A. Bogdanov et al., "PRESENT: An Ultra-Lightweight Block Cipher," Proc. Workshop Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES 07), LNCS 4727, Springer, 2007, pp. 450-466.
[3] M. Feldhofer, J. Wolkerstorfer, and V. Rijmen, "AES Implementation on a Grain of Sand," IEE Proc, vol. 152, no. 1, Oct. 2005, pp. 13-20.
[4] S. Kumar et al., "Breaking Ciphers with COPACOBANA-A Cost—Optimized Parallel Code Breaker," Proc. Workshop Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES 06), LNCS 4249, Springer, 2006, pp. 101-118.
[5] T. Good and M. Benaissa, "Hardware Results for Selected Stream Cipher Candidates," Workshop Record State of the Art of Stream Ciphers (SASC 07), 2007, http://www.ecrypt.eu.org/stream/papersdir/ 2007023.pdf.
[6] G. Meiser et al., "Software Implementation of eSTREAM Profile I Ciphers on Embedded 8-bit AVR Microcontrollers," Workshop Record State of the Art of Stream Ciphers (SASC 07), 2007, http://www.crypto.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/imperia/ md/content/texte/publications/conferences sasc2007_117.pdf.
[7] S. Kumar, "Elliptic Curve Cryptography for Constrained Devices," doctoral dissertation, Electrical Engineering and Information Sciences, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany, 2006.
[8] T. Itoh and S. Tsujii, "A Fast Algorithm for Computing Multiplicative Inverses in GF(2m) Using Normal Bases," Information and Computation, vol. 78, no. 3, Sept. 1988, pp. 171-177.
[9] L. Batina et al., "An Elliptic Curve Processor Suitable for RFID-Tags," Benelux Workshop Information and System Security (WISSec 06), 2006, http://eprint.iacr.org/2006227.pdf.
[10] G. Gaubatz et al., "State of the Art in Ultra-Low Power Public Key Cryptography for Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 3rd IEEE Int'l Conf. Pervasive Computing and Communications (PERCOMW 05), IEEE CS Press, 2005, pp. 146-150.
[11] J. Wolkerstorfer, "Scaling ECC Hardware to a Minimum," Cryptographic Advances in Secure Hardware (CRASH 2005), 2005, invited talk.
[12] E. Öztürk, B. Sunar, and E. Savas, "Low-Power Elliptic Curve Cryptography Using Scaled Modular Arithmetic," Proc. 6th Int'l Workshop Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES 04), LNCS 3156, Springer-Verlag, 2004, pp. 92-106.
[13] L. Uhsadel, A. Poschmann, and C. Paar, "Enabling Full-Size Public-Key Algorithms on 8-bit Sensor Nodes," Proc. 4th European Workshop Security and Privacy in Ad hoc and Sensor Networks (ESAS 07), LNCS 4572, Springer-Verlag, 2007, pp. 73-86.
[14] N. Gura et al., "Comparing Elliptic Curve Cryptography and RSA on 8-bit CPUs," Proc. 6th Int'l Workshop Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES 04), LNCS 3156, Springer, 2004, pp. 119-132.
[15] A. Woodbury, D.V. Bailey, and C. Paar, "Elliptic Curve Cryptography on Smart Cards without Coprocessors," Proc. 4th Working IFIP Conf. Smart Card Research and Advanced Applications (CARDIS 00), Kluwer Academic, 2000, pp. 71-92.
[1] G. Leander et al., "New Lightweight DES Variants," Proc. Fast Software Encryption (FSE 07), LNCS 4593, Springer-Verlag, 2007, pp. 196-210.
[2] A. Bogdanov et al., "PRESENT: An Ultra-Lightweight Block Cipher," Proc. Workshop Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES 07), LNCS 4727, Springer, 2007, pp. 450-466.
[3] N. Gura et al., "Comparing Elliptic Curve Cryptography and RSA on 8-bit CPUs," Proc. 6th Int'l Workshop Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES 04), Springer-Verlag, LNCS 3156, 2004, pp. 119-132.
[4] A. Woodbury, D.V. Bailey, and C. Paar, "Elliptic Curve Cryptography on Smart Cards without Coprocessors," Proc. 4th Working IFIP Conf. Smart Card Research and Advanced Applications (CARDIS 2000), Kluwer Academic, 2000, pp. 71-92.
[5] L. Batina et al., "Hardware Architectures for Public Key Cryptography Integration," VLSI J., vol. 34, no. 6, 2003, pp. 1-64.
Index Terms:
RFID, DESL, Present, lightweight cryptography, embedded security, pervasive computing
Citation:
Thomas Eisenbarth, Sandeep Kumar, Christof Paar, Axel Poschmann, Leif Uhsadel, "A Survey of Lightweight-Cryptography Implementations," IEEE Design and Test of Computers, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 522-533, Nov. 2007, doi:10.1109/MDT.2007.178
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