Flexecution, Part 2: Understanding and Supporting Flexible Execution
|
Gary Klein, Klein Associates Division of Applied Research Associates
This is the second of two essays about planning and execution with ill-defined and conflicting goals. Intelligent-systems researchers have wrestled with the difficulties posed by ill-defined goals. These essays aim to describe the insights of AI and cognitive systems engineering researchers to a wider audience and to broaden efforts in supporting flexible execution with ill-defined goals.
[1] 108 G. Klein, "Flexecution as a Paradigm for Replanning, Part 1," IEEE Intelligent Systems, vol. 22, no. 5, 2007, pp. 79–83.
[2] G. Klein, B. Moon, and R.R. Hoffman, "Making Sense of Sensemaking 2: A Macrocognitive Model," IEEE Intelligent Systems, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 88–92.
[3] D. Dörner, The Logic of Failure: Why Things Go Wrong and What We Can Do to Make Them Right, Metropolitan Books, 1996.
[4] M.D. Cohen, J.G. March, and J.P. Olsen, "A Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice," Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 17, 1972, pp. 1–25.
[5] B. Inhelder and J. Piaget, The Growth of Logical Thinking from Childhood to Adolescence, Basic Books, 1958.
[6] D.J. Isenberg, "How Senior Managers Think," Harvard Business Rev., vol. 6, 1984, pp. 80–90.
[7] M.L. Cummings and S.A. Guerlain, "An Interactive Decision Support Tool for Real-Time In-Flight Replanning of Autonomous Vehicles," Proc. AIAA Unmanned Unlimited Systems, Technologies, and Operations, Sept. 2004; http://web.mit.edu/aeroastro/www/people/ missyc/pdfsMan20992.pdf.
[8] P. Carlshamre, "Release Planning in Market-Driven Software Product Development: Provoking an Understanding," Requirements Eng., vol. 7, no. 3, 2002, pp. 139–151.
[9] R.R. Hoffman and D.D. Woods, "Toward a Theory of Complex and Cognitive Systems," IEEE Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 1, 2005, pp. 76–79.
[10] M.T. Cox and C. Zhang, "Mixed-Initiative Goal Manipulation," AI Magazine, summer 2007, pp. 62–73.
[11] J. Allen, J. Hendler, and A. Tate, eds., Readings in Planning, Morgan Kaufmann, 1990.
[12] S. Kambhampati, "Model-Lite Planning for the Web Age Masses: The Challenges of Planning with Incomplete and Evolving Domain Models," Proc. 22nd AAAI Conf. Artificial Intelligence (AAAI 07), AAAI Press, 2007.
[13] G. Klein, The Power of Intuition, Doubleday, 2004.
Index Terms:
flexecution, planning, replanning, ill-defined goals
Citation:
Gary Klein, "Flexecution, Part 2: Understanding and Supporting Flexible Execution," IEEE Intelligent Systems, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 108-112, Nov./Dec. 2007, doi:10.1109/MIS.2007.107